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Weight control and satiety effects of flaxseed – A Review
Flaxseed is packed full of nutrients that can fill you up and keep you full longer. It is a rich source of protein and dietary fibre that studies show can help in weight loss. The omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid alpha-linolenic acid, of which flaxseed is the highest plant based source, has been reported to reduce weight. Research to-date examining the effectiveness of flaxseed overall as well as isolated fibre in weight loss and maintenance shows promise.

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Flaxseed for hypertension: implications for blood pressure regulation
This group of investigators are the leaders in the assessment of dietary flaxseed to lower blood pressure and attenuate the morbidity and mortality associated with hypertension. Their work has shown efficacy of milled flaxseed to lower both systolic and diastolic blood pressure more significantly than most anti-hypertensive drugs and without the side effects. This paper reviews the effects of ALA, lignans and fiber in flaxseed on blood pressure lowering.

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Flaxseed and Hypertension by Dr. Grant Pierce
Hypertension (high blood pressure), known as the “silent killer”, accounts for approximately half of the nearly 17 million cardiovascular deaths worldwide making it the leading risk factor attributed to death globally”, states Dr. Grant Pierce, Executive Director of Research at St. Boniface Hospital in Winnipeg, Manitoba. “Approximately 40 per cent of adults aged 25 plus years have hypertension worldwide.
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Effects of dietary flaxseed on atherosclerotic plaque regression
Plaque formation in the arteries can lead to a heart attack and in the brain to a stroke. This research is very significant as it demonstrates that flaxseed supplementation accelerated the regression of atherosclerotic plaques in a rabbit model. The investigators found high levels of omega 3 fatty acids in the animal’s aorta which may have led to reductions in inflammation – an important variable in atherosclerotic plaque regression. Additionally, the flaxseed lignin secoisolariciresinol diglucoside are antioxidants and can reduce the onset of oxidized lipids that can stimulate atherosclerosis. Lignans too show powerful anti-inflammatory effects.

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The evidence for alpha-linolenic acid and cardiovascular disease benefits: Comparisons with eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid
This comprehensive review describes the growing evidence supporting an increase in ALA intakes in the diet. The authors provide the rationale for recommendations of 2-3 g/day of ALA to provide benefit for the reduction and treatment of both primary and secondary prevention of CVD. Moreover, they suggest that basis epidemiological findings, ALA may in fact have CVD effects that are similiar to EPA + DHA. They recommend further clinical trials on the effects of ALA on CVD as well as studies to examine both EPA+DHA as well as ALA for heart health. Furthermore they recognize that the science focused on ALA has expanded significantly over the past decade to show the strong beneficial effects of ALA on CVD risk.

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Flax and Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review
The authors note in this review of 10 studies that the research looking at flaxseed for breast cancer management are limited. Observational studies suggest that flax or flax-derived lignan consumption may decrease risk of breast cancer when adequate amounts are consumed. Flaxseed and lignans may reduce hot flashes and protect against breast cancer, the latter through reducing cell growth and increasing cell death, and reducing HER-2 expression. These effects have been seen with 25 g ground flax or 50 mg SDG per day.

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The effect of dietary ﬂaxseed on improving symptoms of cardiovascular disease in patients with peripheral artery disease
Published data in animal models from this group have shown ﬂax seed provides a potent anti-arrhythmic action during ischemia/reperfusion challenge, signiﬁcant anti-atherogenic effects and improves vascular contractile function in atherosclerotic conditions. Supplementing the diets of healthy volunteers with ﬂax seed induces modest reductions in TC and LDL-C and has also been reported to modulate blood glucose levels. Prior to this study, there have been no investigations on the efﬁcacy on primary cardiovascular endpoints in humans. The FLAX-PAD study has been designed to investigate a number of CVD parameters following the long term ingestion of flaxseed.

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Flaxseed – Antioxidants for Health (Part 1)
The Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommends that diets contain antioxidants. New foods are appearing in the grocery aisles touting their antioxidant content. In addition to its high level of omega 3, protein and fibre, flaxseed contains a wealth of antioxidant compounds. Why are antioxidants important?

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Dietary Flaxseed Independently Lowers Circulating Cholesterol and Lowers It beyond the Effects of Cholesterol-Lowering Medications Alone in Patients with Peripheral Artery Disease
This research assessed the ability of flaxseed to effect serum lipids in a population with peripheral arterial disease and those on cholesterol-lowering drugs. After one month, flaxseed lowered total and LDL cholesterol by 15% in the patients with PAD. In a subset of this group on statins, LDL was lowered by greater than 8%. The authors note that a 10% decrease in total or LDL cholesterol would be predicted to result a clinically significant reductions myocardial infarctions and stroke.

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Featured Flax Research Articles

Effect of flaxseed consumption on central obesity, serum lipids, and adiponectin level in overweight or obese women: A randomised controlled clinical trial.

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Effect of flaxseed oil supplementation on anthropometric and metabolic indices in patients with coronary artery disease: A double-blinded randomized controlled trial.

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Importance of Flaxseed and its Components in the Management of Hypertension.

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Effect of Dietary Flaxseed Intake on Circulating Sex Hormone Levels among Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized Controlled Intervention Trial.

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α-Linolenic acid prevents hepatic steatosis and improves glucose tolerance in mice fed a high-fat diet.

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Effect of flaxseed consumption on flow-mediated dilation and inflammatory biomarkers in patients with coronary artery disease: a randomized controlled trial.

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Linoorbitides and enterolactone mitigate inflammation-induced oxidative stress and loss of intestinal epithelial barrier integrity.

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Effects of Flaxseed Oil on Serum Bone Turnover Markers in Hemodialysis Patients: a Randomized Controlled Trial.

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Ground flaxseed reverses protection of a reduced fat diet against Citrobacter rodentium-induced colitis.

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Effects of a low and a high dietary LA/ALA ratio on long-chain PUFA concentrations in red blood cells.

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