Key Findings:
This paper provides a meta-analysis of data related to ALA and prostate cancer. When compared with men in the lowest ALA quantile, men in the highest ALA quantile had 20% increased risk of prostate cancer. There was significant heterogeneity among the studies and evidence for publication bias. In prospective studies no evidence linking ALA with an increased risk of prostate cancer was found. The studies that used dietary intake estimates found no links of ALA with an increased risk of prostate cancer whereas those that used blood or tissue markers suggested a 54% increased risk. The authors suggest that there may be a small increased risk of prostate cancer at the highest levels of ALA consumption. More recent studies have disputed a relationship between ALA and prostate cancer.
ABSTRACT:
Alpha-Linolenic acid (ALA; 18:3n23) has been associated inconsistently with an increased risk of prostate cancer. Additional studies have become available since the publication of 2 previous meta-analyses. The objective was to review the published data on the relation between ALA and prostate cancer. We conducted a systematic review to identify studies that included data on ALA and risk of prostate cancer. Data were pooled from studies that compared the highest ALA quantile with the lowest ALA quantile, and risk estimates were combined by using a random-effects model. The relation between ALA and prostate cancer is inconsistent across studies. We pooled data from 8 case-control and 8 prospective studies. The summary estimate revealed that high ALA dietary intakes or tissue concentrations are weakly associated with prostate cancer risk (relative risk [RR]: 1.20; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.43). When examined by study type (i.e. retrospective compared with prospective or dietary ALA compared with tissue concentration) or by decade of publication, only the 6 studies examining blood or tissue ALA concentrations revealed a statistically significant association. With the exception of these studies, there was significant heterogeneity and evidence of publication bias. After adjustment for publication bias, there was no association between ALA and prostate cancer (RR: 0.96; 95% CI: 0.79, 1.17). Studies examining the relation between ALA and prostate cancer have produced inconsistent findings. High ALA intakes or high blood and adipose tissue concentrations of ALA may be associated with a small increased risk of prostate cancer. However, these conclusions are qualified because of the heterogeneity across studies and the likelihood of publication bias. (Author’s abstract)