Key Findings:
This review assesses the data regarding the relationship between n-3 PUFA on bone health. The author describes a complex interplay between n-3 and n-6 PUFA. The role of n6 and n3 fats on the reduced fracture risk in humans is not clear. Both n-3 and n-6 PUFA play a role in bone development. Research is required regarding the dose, duration, and timing of exposure to individual n-3 and n-6 PUFA throughout the lifecycle. n-3 PUFA may improve bone health by increasing calcium absorption in the gut, and increasing osteoblast differentiation and activity, reducing osteoclast activity and promoting deposition of mineral in developing bones.
ABSTRACT:
Incorporating n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the diet may promote the development of a healthy skeleton and thereby reduce the risk of developing osteoporosis in later life. Studies using developing animal models suggest lowering dietary n-6 PUFA and increasing n-3 PUFA intakes, especially long chain n-3 PUFA, may be beneficial for achieving higher bone mineral content, density and stronger bones. To date, the evidence regarding the effects of α-linolenic acid (ALA) remain equivocal, in contrast to evidence from the longer chain products, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). This review reports the results of investigations into n-3 PUFA supplementation on bone fatty acid composition, strength and mineral content in developing animal models as well as the mechanistic relationships of PUFA and bone, and identifies critical areas for future research. Overall, this review supports a probable role for essential (ALA) and long chain (EPA and DHA) n-3 PUFA for bone health. Understanding the role of PUFA in optimizing bone health may lead to dietary strategies that promote bone development and maintenance of a healthy skeleton. (Authors abstract)
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