Key Findings:
This comprehensive review of the science underlying the health benefits of the omega 3 fatty acid family (ALA, EPA, DHA) includes an overview of the Metabolism of omega 6 and omega 3 fatty acids; Omega 3 and trans fatty acid interactions; Essential fatty acid interactions; Mechanism of action of n3 fatty acids and (gamma-linolenic acid) GLA in countering the inflammatory effects of arachidonic acid; Complexity of pathways of GLA action; The arachidonic acid cascade in the central nervous system (CNS); Significance of n6 to n3 fatty acid ratios; Conversion efficiency of ALA to DHA in humans; Health benefits of omega-3 fatty acids; Rheumatoid arthritis and Omega 3 fatty acids and gene expression. Recommendations are made for increasing omega 3 fatty acid intakes.
ABSTRACT:
During the recent decades, awareness towards the role of essential fatty acids in human health and disease prevention has been unremittingly increasing among people. Fish, fish oils and some vegetable oils are rich sources of essential fatty acids. Many studies have positively correlated essential fatty acids with reduction of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, infant development, cancer prevention, optimal brain and vision functioning, arthritis, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and neurological or neuro psychiatric disorders. Beneficial effects may be mediated through several different mechanisms, including alteration in cell membrane composition, gene expression or eicosanoid production. However, the mechanisms whereby essential fatty acids affect gene expression are complex and involve multiple processes. Further understanding of the molecular aspects of essential fatty acids will be the key to devising novel approaches to the treatment and prevention of many diseases. (Authors Abstract)