Key Findings
The mechanisms of ALA cardiovascular effects are reviewed here and inlcude down-regulating proinflammatory and pro atherogenic genes, including adhesion molecules and cytokines. Studies outlining the pharmacology and toxicology properties of ALA support its safety. The authors do indicate that ALA like other fatty acids can oxidize and stability may be affected if processing is not understood or done incorrectly.
ABSTRACT
Alpha Linolenic acid (ALA), a carboxylic acid with 18 carbons and three cis double bonds, is an essential fatty acid needed for human health and can be acquired via regular dietary intake of foods that contain ALA or dietary supplementation of foods high in ALA, for example flaxseed. ALA has been reported to have cardiovascular protective, anti cancer, neuro protective, anti osteoporotic, anti inflammatory, and antioxidative effects. ALA is the precursor of longer chain omega 3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), but its beneficial effects on risk factors for cardiovascular diseases are still inconclusive. The recommended intake of ALA for cardiovascular health is reported to be 1.1 to 2.2 g per day. Although there are limited toxicological data for ALA, no serious adverse effects have been reported. The evidence on an increased prostate cancer risk in association with dietary ALA is not conclusive. Based on the limited data currently available, it may be concluded that ALA may be beneficial as a nutraceutical/pharmaceutical candidate and is safe for use as a food ingredient. (Authors abstract)
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