Key Findings
This review focuses mostly on ALA conversion to long chain omega 3 fatty acids which is unfortunate as many of the positive health effects attributed to ALA appear to be due to its own actions. ALA has been studied with regard to its effect on blood lipids and inflammation. The effects reported are rather inconsistent, perhaps reflecting comparisons being made, the dose and duration of the study, and the health status of the subjects investigated. The authors do state that, in the absence of significant intake of preformed EPA, there is a role for ALA in human health. Further research is required on the metabolism of ALA in humans, on its biological effects and on its mechanisms of action.
Abstract
Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) is an essential fatty acid and the substrate for the synthesis of longer-chain, more unsaturated ω-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). EPA and DHA are associated with human health benefits. The primary source of EPA and DHA is seafood. There is a need for sustainable sources of biologically active ω-3 fatty acids. Certain plants contain high concentrations of ALA and stearidonic acid (SDA). Here we review the literature on the metabolism of ALA and SDA in humans, the impact of increased ALA and SDA consumption on concentrations of EPA and DHA in blood and cell lipid pools, and the extent to which ALA and SDA might have health benefits. Although it is generally considered that humans have limited capacity for conversion of ALA to EPA and DHA, sex differences in conversion to DHA have been identified. If conversion of ALA to EPA and DHA is limited, then ALA may have a smaller health benefit than EPA and DHA. SDA is more readily converted to EPA and appears to offer better potential for health improvement than ALA. However, conversion of both ALA and SDA to DHA is limited in most humans.
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